Modal expressions in the Japanese source text

Modal expressions in the Chinese translations

suru sooda (hearsay)

jushuo, … shuo

nichigainai (“must [be]”)

zhun (ding), yiding (hui), hui, biding, biran, guran, dangran

kamoshirenai (“may [be]”)

yexu, huoxu, shuobuding, kongpa, you keneng, … ba

rashii (“look like, seem, appear”)

(hao) xiang (shi), sihu, fangfu (… side), kanyangzi, dayue, ø

yoo da (“look like, seem, appear”)

(hao) xiang (shi), sihu, fangfu, ø

(shi) sooda (“look like, seem, appear”)

haoxiang, sihu, … side, kanyangzi, ø

(osoraku/ookata/sazo/kitto) …daroo

(“probably/must [be]” … conjectural auxiliary)

(kongpa/dayue/dagai/yiding) … ba, shuobuding, yexu, keneng, hui, wo xiang, ø

ne (sentence final particle)/yo (sentence final particle)

ma, ya, a, la, ba, ne, !, ø/a ma, ba, bei, na, lou, ne, ø

noda (“may [be]”) wakeda (“may [be]”)

shi (… de), … de, a, ya, na, la, ne, zhen …, !, ø ziran, ø